Absolutism And Revolution Unit Test

1550-1800

The two most important new types of regime in Europe were the accented monarchy and the constitutional land. The political system of absolutism succeeded for a time in France, and elsewhere failed dismally, as in seventeenth-century England. In addition, this section volition explore new ideologies in Europe and their impact. Ultimately, this Enlightenment leads to revolution, sparking alter in both the Old and New Worlds.

Castilian Dominance

In 1516, sixteen-year-onetime Charles I became the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. Ruling as an absolute monarch, he believed in divine right, or that his power was derived from God. Upon giving upwards the throne in 1556, his son Philip II took control over role of the territory; Spain, Sicily, the Netherlands, and Spanish colonies in the Americas.

Spain prospered under the rule of Philip II due to the exploitation of Spanish colonies in the Americas, as shipments of gold and silverish were continuously sent to the motherland. However, in the 1560s, war broke out in holland. Philip, who was a Catholic, was met with a rebellion of Dutch Protestants, resulting in the separation of the northern Netherlands from Castilian command.

Anglo-Spanish State of war

Prior to this menstruation, England had been attacking Spanish ships returning from the Americas and stealing their gold and silver for England. During Spain's battle with the Netherlands, England stepped in and provided back up and assistance for the Dutch. This angered King Philip 2, who decided to invade England, take the throne, and go far a Catholic nation once over again.

In 1588 he sent a fleet of 130 ships with approximately xxx,000 men, known equally the Spanish Armada, through the English Channel. Believing that they were could not be browbeaten, the fleet was nicknamed the Invincible Fleet. All the same, that was not the case. The Spanish were met with severe storms, hunger, disease, and a prepared English forcefulness. Four English language ships were set fire and sent into the fleet of Castilian ships. In improver, cannons on the fireships were fixed to automatically burn upon the Castilian Armada. Although the English just destroyed 4 Spanish ships, only half of the armada survived. Nearly ships were wrecked off the coasts of Ireland and Scotland due to storms.

Map depicting the route of the ill-fated Spanish Armada

Spanish Dominance in The Arts

Miguel de Cervantes was an author who wrote the story of Don Quixote de la Mancha, the story of a man of chance who sets out on a journeying, a medieval fantasy, with his squire Sancho Panza

Don Quixote (right) and his squire, Sancho Panza

El Greco was an artist that painted religious imagery.

El Greco's 'The Crucifixion With Mary and Saint John

Diego Velazquez was a court painter with a mode more than realistic than El Greco. Ane of his well-nigh famous paintings, Las Meninas, focuses on the daughter of King Phillip II and Queen Mariana.

Diego Velazquez'southward Las Meninas

Pass up of Spain

The defeat of the Spanish Fleet prevented Philip from taking England'south throne; however, information technology was not the cause of Spain's decline. Philip was an accented monarch and demanded he make all of the decisions for the large empire. In addition, his constant warfare led to bankruptcy, and eventually he had to borrow money to fund his battles; the golden and argent brought over from America wasn't plenty to keep his finances in good continuing. Somewhen Spain'southward power declined.

Rise of the French

By the belatedly 1500s, Spain was the dominant power, with its settlements in the Caribbean area and Central and S America. But both Portugal and Kingdom of spain saw their empires refuse in power and control. A series of long and costly struggles with one of its European territories, the Netherlands, and its overseas disasters in the Americas weakened Spain.

France assumed greater power during the 1600s. Cardinal Richelieu, who was Louis XIII's chief minister, strengthened the monarchy at the expense of the French nobles. His diplomatic and war machine policies, peculiarly during the Thirty Years' War, were crucial to France's success. His work was continued by Louis XIV, during whose long reign French republic enjoyed great ability and prestige.

Louis 14

Few kings have been as successful in establishing an autocracy as France's Louis XIV. Louis XIV wisely realized that he needed some support from the nobility in club to rule, but he also had to exist able to control them. Louis collaborated with the nobility to strengthen the monarchy and reinforced ancient aristocracy. He built his magnificent palace in Versailles to serve, effectively, as a golden cage with which to imprison the French nobility. He succeeded in expanding France at the expense of the Hapsburgs (Philip'southward family unit from Spain), and his patronage of the arts helped form the great age of French classicism. He outlawed Protestantism and expanded the military.

Louis 14 remained an absolute monarch until his decease in 1715.

England and Constitutionalism

England provided a picture show of constitutionalism triumphing over absolutism. During the 1500s, England adult a central government headed by a potent ruler. Think Henry VIII who broke from the Catholic Church to grant himself a divorce. His children Edward, Mary, and then Elizabeth all ruled, each succeeding the other after death.

Simply in the 1600s, the English language Parliament began to affirm its powers. This caused a bully deal of friction between Parliament and the two Stuart kings, James I and Charles I. The kings and Parliament disagreed over several issues.

James I took the throne after Elizabeth died in 1603. Desiring to be an accented monarch without having to seek permission from an outside party, he clashed with Parliament, unable to obtain funds needed to further his goals. After his expiry in 1625, his son Charles I became leader.

Charles I and Parliament

In order to fight rebellions in Scotland and Ireland, Charles I, desperate for money, had to call Parliament into session. The leaders of Parliament used this opportunity to continue to set on the authority of the king. When radical members attempted to laissez passer a neb reorganizing the Anglican Church, Charles forcibly entered the Firm of Commons to abort the leaders of the legislature.

A civil war erupted between the Royalists, who supported Charles, and the supporters of Parliament. The Royalists were defeated and Charles I was executed. The leader of Parliament, Oliver Cromwell, took control of the government in his role every bit Lord Protector. In 1660, after Cromwell's expiry, the monarchy was restored and Charles Ii took the throne.

Changes in the English Political Structure

It was during the time of Charles II that the first political parties began to emerge. In addition, private rights were strengthened by the passage of the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, ensuring that those accused of committing crimes had the right to announced in courtroom.

When Charles II died in 1685, his brother James 2 was next in line. Withal, he was Catholic and sought to be an absolute monarch. In 1688, to put an end to the feuding between the monarchy and the parliament, James II was deposed, thereby destroying the Stuart quest for divine right absolutism. Parliament invited James'south daughter Mary and her husband William, both Protestants, to assume joint rule of England. As a status of becoming rex and queen, these two agreed to accept the Bill of Rights that limited the authority of the monarchy. By the end of the 1700s, England had go a limited constitutional monarchy.

Eastern Europe

Absolutism in Eastern Europe

Eastern European rulers struggled to build absolutist states in the seventeenth century as they tried to proceeds more command over the landed nobility, who were willing to make the serfs suffer in order to maintain their positions. The re-imposition of serfdom, caused past severe labor shortages and hard times for nobles, resulted in peasants being forced to work likewise equally being tied to the land. Even when the economy did improve, the serfs' position continued to deteriorate.

Wary of the power of the nobles to cause problem, strong kings emerged in many Eastern European lands in the course of the seventeenth century. Under constant threat of war, monarchs reduced the political power of the landlord nobility, just left serfs at the mercy of the nobles. With noble attention focused on ruling serfs, leaders were able to monopolize power, impose and collect taxes, maintain a standing ground forces, and bear relations with other states.

Rulers of Eastern Europe

Three leaders came to power during the 1500s–1700s in Eastern Europe. Explore the time line below to acquire more about their reigns.

1546: Arbiter Ivan 4 (Ivan the Terrible) was noted for his reforms of the Russian Legal code, making military promotions based on merit rather than on claret line and expanded Russia's territory to the e. Ivan after became tearing and information technology was then that he was given the nickname Ivan the Terrible. Ivan killed his own son, leaving no heirs to replace him.

1682: Peter the Great was noted for establishing and improving the Russian Navy, for modernizing Russia, establishing Russia's first paper and for encouraging education. Peter also founded the city of St. Petersburg in northern Russia. Peter was a lifelong learner, constantly reading and learning new skills.

1761: Catherine the Neat was an educational reformer and encouraged teaching and supported advancements in the arts and technology. Catherine was a German princess by birth but had married Peter the Great's grandson. Because of her Western European heritage, she was more influenced by western culture than almost of the earlier Czars. Catherine also gave more ability to the landowners in Russia.

The Scientific Revolution

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Europe's educated classes shifted from having a religious view of the world to one that was primarily secular. At the root of this modify were advances in scientific knowledge. Until near 1500, scientific thought held that the earth was the centre of the universe (known equally the geocentric theory) considering God valued humans nearly amid all his creations. Beginning with Copernicus, who taught that the world revolved around the sun—the heliocentric theory—Europeans slowly began to reject this old style of thought, and with it the idea that organized religion was the merely way to explain the universe, instead developing notions based on the idea that the universe was organized by natural laws. Isaac Newton's conception of the law of universal gravitation proved to be the turning point of the Scientific Revolution.

There were many important figures that contributed to the Scientific Revolution. Numerous books were published most topics such every bit biology, astronomy, and mathematics. The chart below reveals some of the accomplishments of these scientists and mathematicians.

The accomplishments of several scientists and mathematicians.

Francis Salary and Rene Descartes were famous because they devised the concept of the Scientific Method, a five step process: where the investigator identifies a problem, develops a hypothesis or educated judge, conducts an experiment, records data from the experiment and so develops a conclusion based on data.

Galileo Galilei invented thermometer, microscope and telescope and supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory.

Sir Isaac Newton developed laws of gravity and calculus.

Robert Boyle contributed Boyle's law, which identified human relationship between temperature, force per unit area, and volume apropos gases.

William Harvey explained the circulatory organisation and discovered that claret circulates through the body.

Johannes Kepler contributed to the advocacy of Geometry.

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a fourth dimension when many radical new ideas emerged. Reason and logic, rather than adherence to tradition and superstition, became the intellectual focus of the Enlightenment. Nothing was exempt from this spirit of critical test. Enlightenment thinkers challenged accepted beliefs almost economic science, gender roles, government, race relations, organized religion, scientific discipline, and social norms of every sort.

The philosophers of the Enlightenment propagated their new worldview across Europe and in the Northward American colonies. These writers and thinkers-amid them Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Diderot-produced books and articles that taught people to remember critically and objectively.

**The "Great Debate"**
Reason and Logic	Traditions and Superstitions
Rationalism Empiricism Tolerance Skepticism Deism	Nostalgia for the past Organized Religions Irrationalism Emotionalism

Key Figures of the Enlightenment

Examine the post-obit nautical chart that identifies the writing of key European thinkers during the Enlightenment.

Thomas Hobbes (English language), Leviathan 1651

Lived during English Civil War
Believed peaceful relationships achieved through social contract between people and regime; sometimes necessary to give upward freedoms for order in society

John Locke (English), Essay Concerning Homo Understanding 1690

Believed people built-in with rights of life, liberty, and holding
Took nearly 20 years to write Essay Concerning Human being Understanding about development of man thought
Wrote Ii Treatises of Authorities, which stated that government should exist limited and people had a right to overthrow government if information technology failed to protect people'south rights

Mary Wollstonecraft (English language), Vindication of Rights of Adult female 1792

Considered first feminist; Vindication of the Rights of Woman was about women'southward individual rights and educational activity
Opposed marriage considering it took away rights of women
Her daughter Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley wrote Frankenstein

Denis Diderot (French), Encyclopedia 1772

Edited 28-book encyclopedia of French writers whose works were based upon principles of the Enlightenment
Took 27 years to consummate

Businesswoman de Montesquieu (French), Spirit of Laws 1748

Compared three forms of regime: republic, monarchy, despotism
Influenced by British government, partitioning of branches to check and balance the others

Francios Marie Arouet de Voltaire (French), Candide 1762

Wrote nether name of Voltaire
Writing spoke out against injustice
Imprisoned twice for his publications

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (French), The Social Contract 1769

Focused on nature
Believed people born expert, but corrupted by society
Socialist ideology; government should work for people, and people should contribute to skilful of society

Philosophes

Every bit scientific discipline connected to solve the deeper mysteries of life and the universe, people began to see the world as a natural loonshit for cause and event outcomes. The philosophes (French for "philosophers") of the Enlightenment believed it was possible to arrive at truth through awarding of reason or logical thought. This procedure for arriving at truth is called rationalism. The philosophes did non just utilize rationalism to science. Instead, they employed the same thought processes to economic, ethical, political, and social issues.

This new era of critical thinking came to be chosen the Enlightenment. It inspired a new sense of individualism by promoting the bones equality of all people and the importance of personal freedoms. Ane of the main targets of this movement was the Church. The French philosophe Voltaire argued that the Church'southward teachings of divine miracles were contrary to rational thought. Many other influential intellectuals, emboldened by Voltaire's example, also questioned religious doctrine. The Church building'south authority, which had gone largely unchallenged for many centuries, suddenly came under intense scrutiny.

Deism

As the Enlightenment continued, a new line of thought apropos God appeared; this concept was called deism. Deists believed that God was the creator of a rational universe. However, they also believed that once it had been created, the rational universe had no further need of divine intervention. Instead, it was like a motorcar that maintained itself subsequently once being set into motion. Deism was significant because it promoted the idea that people must change the world for themselves rather than relying on God's intervention.

Deists were disquisitional of organized religion and suspicious of supernatural claims concerning such things equally miracles. They did not have the idea that religious scriptures were infallible. They were likewise skeptical of the concept of the Holy Trinity.

John Locke was a deist, every bit were many of America's founding fathers, including Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Thomas Paine. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were also influenced by deist philosophies.

The Salons

The appeal of rationalism was not limited to men. Women also played an important role in the Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment, it became fashionable for wealthy European women to invite poets, musicians, philosophers, and other interesting conversationalists to their homes for social gatherings called salons. At these meetings, people discussed such problems equally the nature of the universe, the creation of life, and the significant of truth. Salons became intellectual centers where great artists, writers, and scientists would gather each week to share ideas.

The women who hosted salons accomplished prominence past providing an important forum for the exchange of ideas. The salons somewhen became then influential that Catherine the Great of Russia paid proxies to attend them regularly and report dorsum to her on the topics of conversation.

New Social Contracts

There were many important philosophes, including Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Smith. The Baron de Montesquieu believed the government should be suited to the needs and circumstances of the people. He concluded that the all-time system of government for people in Europe was a separation of powers. This blazon of authorities had checks and balances that were gear up to limit the powers of each branch of authorities.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote in his treatise The Social Contract that a perfect society would be one in which the regime was created by the citizens who met and rationalized what would exist the best matter for that particular order. In his book Emile, Rousseau suggested that a newborn cries when he is wrapped up in swaddling clothes because he cannot move. This prototype symbolized the individual's demand for freedom as an essential component of a just social club.

Aware Despots

Most Enlightenment philosophers were reformers, not revolutionaries. Their ranks included reform-inclined monarchs, such as the Habsburgs of Austria-hungary (Maria Theresa and Joseph II), who were eager to promote the advocacy of noesis and better the lives of their subjects as long every bit it did not limit their personal power. Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine Ii of Russia also embraced Enlightenment ideas for a time. Both of these absolutist monarchs were voracious readers. Each took steps to ease the hardships of the serfs they ruled, and each promoted fine art and the humanities within their respective cultures.

While the thought of top-down reform of society was theoretically a expert idea, "enlightened absolutism" proved impossible. These enlightened despots could not ignore the demands of their more conservative nobles. Both Catherine and Frederick eventually rejected their Enlightenment values and returned to their absolutist means. Catherine banned all French newspapers because she idea it would give the serfs revolutionary ideas. Frederick took back most of the reforms that had allowed people to cull their religions, go to school, and ain country.

In the end, enlightened absolutism did not transform Western lodge. Instead, the ideas of the Enlightenment became the spark that ignited armed revolutions in America and France. Eventually, these revolutionary principles would spread across the world and give ascent to an entirely new kind of social order.

Lesson 29: Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Revolution